巴菲特致股东的信(2010年)⑭附录:巴菲特给经理人的备忘录


Memo

备忘录

To: Berkshire Hathaway Managers (“The All-Stars”)
cc: Berkshire Directors
From: Warren E. Buffett
Date: July 26, 2010

致:伯克希尔公司经理人("全明星")
抄送:伯克希尔公司董事
来自:沃伦·巴菲特
日期:2010 年 7 月 26 日

This is my biennial letter to reemphasize Berkshire’s top priority and to get your help on succession planning (yours, not mine!).

这是我每隔两年都会发给各位的一封信,目的是再次强调伯克希尔公司的最高优先原则,并在继任者计划(你的,不是我的!)上寻求你的帮助。

The priority is that all of us continue to zealously guard Berkshire’s reputation. We can’t be perfect but we can try to be. As I’ve said in these memos for more than 25 years: “We can afford to lose money – even a lot of money. But we can’t afford to lose reputation – even a shred of reputation.” We must continue to measure every act against not only what is legal but also what we would be happy to have written about on the front page of a national newspaper in an article written by an unfriendly but intelligent reporter.

最优先的原则是,我们所有人都要继续坚持不懈满腔热情地捍卫伯克希尔公司的名誉。我们做不到尽善尽美,但是我们将全力以赴去争取。就像我过去 25 年在这些备忘录里一直在说的那样:"我们可能承受金钱上的损失,甚至是大笔的金钱损失。但是,我们无法承受名誉上的损失,甚至一丝一毫也不可以"。我们必须坚持不懈地衡量每一个行为:不但要保证是合法的,而且还要保证即使是一位充满敌意而且聪明能干的记者报道我们的这一行为,并且发表在国家级报纸头版头条上,我们也会愉快的面对。

Sometimes your associates will say “Everybody else is doing it.” This rationale is almost always a bad one if it is the main justification for a business action. It is totally unacceptable when evaluating a moral decision. Whenever somebody offers that phrase as a rationale, in effect they are saying that they can’t come up with a good reason. If anyone gives this explanation, tell them to try using it with a reporter or a judge and see how far it gets them.

有时候,你的伙伴可能会说:"每个人都在这么干"。如果这是为一项商业活动进行辩解的话,那么这几乎是一个糟糕的理由。如果这是一个评估和道德有关的决策的理由时,这绝对是完全无法接受的。无论任何时候,当有人说出这句话做为理由时,事实上他们的本意是说自己拿不出的一个好的理由。如果有人给出这样一个理由进行解释,你可以告诉他们,把这个理由告诉记者或者法官试试看,他们就会看到这个理由的后果会有多么严重。

If you see anything whose propriety or legality causes you to hesitate, be sure to give me a call. However, it’s very likely that if a given course of action evokes such hesitation, it’s too close to the line and should be abandoned. There’s plenty of money to be made in the center of the court. If it’s questionable whether some action is close to the line, just assume it is outside and forget it.

如果你看到任何正当性和合法性让你感到犹豫不决的事情时,请务必打电话告诉我。可是,如果一项既定行动的进程导致你感到犹豫不决时,很有可能这件事已经接近于底线,应当放弃。在场地的中央区域有大把钱可以赚。因此当对某些行动是否接近于底线感到疑问时,干脆假设已经出了底线,忘掉这件事算了。

As a corollary, let me know promptly if there’s any significant bad news. I can handle bad news but I don’t like to deal with it after it has festered for awhile. A reluctance to face up immediately to bad news is what turned a problem at Salomon from one that could have easily been disposed of into one that almost caused the demise of a firm with 8,000 employees.

同样的道理,如果有任何重大的坏消息,也要马上让我知道。坏消息,我完全能够应对,但是我不喜欢在坏消息已经导致发烂化脓一段时间之后再来应对坏消息。不愿意马上面对坏消息,使得所罗门公司的一个本来可以很容易解决的小问题转变成一个几乎把这个拥有 8000 名员工的大公司灭亡的大问题。

Somebody is doing something today at Berkshire that you and I would be unhappy about if we knew of it. That’s inevitable: We now employ more than 250,000 people and the chances of that number getting through the day without any bad behavior occurring is nil. But we can have a huge effect in minimizing such activities by jumping on anything immediately when there is the slightest odor of impropriety. Your attitude on such matters, expressed by behavior as well as words, will be the most important factor in how the culture of your business develops. Culture, more than rule books, determines how an organization behaves.

在伯克希尔公司里面,有些人现在正在做着一些事情,你们和我一旦知道会感到很不高兴。这是无法避免的,因为我们现在雇佣了 25 万名员工,所以想要任何一天里没有发生任何一次不良行为的概率是零,是根本不可能的事。但是如果我们马上处理任何有一点点不正当可能性的行为,我们就会在减少不良行为发生概率上取得很大的效果。你们这些经理人对些事情的态度,通过你们的行为和言语表达出来,将会是你们管理的公司形成的企业文化中最为重要的一个因素。文化,而不是企业规定手册,决定一个组织的行为举止。

In other respects, talk to me about what is going on as little or as much as you wish. Each of you does a first-class job of running your operation with your own individual style and you don’t need me to help. The only items you need to clear with me are any changes in post-retirement benefits and any unusually large capital expenditures or acquisitions.

至于其它方面,告诉我们现在情况如何,说多说少,随你们自己来定。你们中的每一个经理在用你们自己的独特风格来管理你们公司的业务上都做出了一流的工作,根本不需要我的帮助。你们唯一需要清清楚楚告诉我的是退休后福利的任何变化,以及任何不同寻常的重大资本支出或者企业并购。

************

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I need your help in respect to the question of succession. I’m not looking for any of you to retire and I hope you all live to 100. (In Charlie’s case, 110.) But just in case you don’t, please send me a letter (at home if you wish) giving your recommendation as who should take over tomorrow if you should become incapacitated overnight. These letters will be seen by no one but me unless I’m no longer CEO, in which case my successor will need the information. Please summarize the strengths and weaknesses of your primary candidate as well as any possible alternates you may wish to include. Most of you have participated in this exercise in the past and others have offered your ideas verbally. However, it’s important to me to get a periodic update, and now that we have added so many businesses, I need to have your thoughts in writing rather than trying to carry them around in my memory. Of course, there are a few operations that are run by two or more of you – such as the Blumkins, the Merschmans, the pair at Applied Underwriters, etc. – and in these cases, just forget about this item. Your note can be short, informal, handwritten, etc. Just mark it “Personal for Warren.”

在继任者问题上我需要你们的帮助。我并不希望你们中的任何一位经理人退休,我希望你们都能活到 100岁。(至于芒格,我希望他活到 110 岁。)但是为了避免你们万一没有活到 100 岁,请给我写一封信,你愿意的话,也可以寄到我家里,告诉我,如果你一夜之间突然变得没有能力继续管理公司,你会推荐谁来接替你的职位。你们的这些信,除了我本人以外任何人都看不到,除非我不再担任伯克希尔 CEO,这时我的继任者将会需要了解你们信中的信息。请总结说明你选择的继承人的优点和缺点,包括你首选的继承人以及任何你觉得应该包括在内的替代人选。你们大部分人过去已经参与过这类推荐继承的人的活动,其它人也口头上谈过对继承人的想法。可是对我来说,定期更新非常重要,而且我们伯克希尔现在旗下增加了这么多企业,所以我非常需要你们把自己关于继承人的想法写下来,而不是让我记在脑子里。当然,有少数几家公司由两个人甚至更多人共同管理,比如 Blumkins 家族,the Merschmans 家族以及 Applied Underwriters 公司的两位经理人等,在这种多人管理的情况下,就不要给我写信谈继承人的事情了。你们给我的信可以非常简单,可以是非正式的,可以是手写的,等等。只要注明"给巴菲特的私人信件"即可。

Thanks for your help on all of this. And thanks for the way you run your businesses. You make my job easy.

谢谢你们在所有这些事情上给我的帮助,也谢谢你们独立管理你们的公司的方式。因为你们,我的工作才变得如此容易。

P.S. Another minor request: Please turn down all proposals for me to speak, make contributions, intercede with the Gates Foundation, etc. Sometimes these requests for you to act as intermediary will be accompanied by “It can’t hurt to ask.” It will be easier for both of us if you just say “no.” As an added favor, don’t suggest that they instead write or call me. Multiply 76 businesses by the periodic “I think he’ll be interested in this one” and you can understand why it is better to say no firmly and immediately.

另外:我还有一个小小的请求:请回绝任何请我演讲、捐助、给盖茨基金会打招呼等的要求。有时这些让你做为中间人转达要求的人会说:"问一下又无所谓",你直接一口回绝,对你对我来说都更好办一些。做为一个顺带的请求,千万不要建议他们写信或者打电话给我。如果我们下属 76 家公司都隔一段时间碰到这种"我想巴菲特先生会感兴趣"的事情来找我,我如何能够应付过来。因此你们应该明白,马上斩钉截铁地回绝更加合适。

〔译文源于芒格书院整理的巴菲特致股东的信〕

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