巴菲特致股东的信（1980年）①无控制权持股之盈余

To the Shareholders of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.:

Operating earnings improved to $41.9 million in 1980 from $36.0 million in 1979, but return on beginning equity capital (with securities valued at cost) fell to 17.8% from 18.6%. We believe the latter yardstick to be the most appropriate measure of single-year managerial economic performance. Informed use of that yardstick, however, requires an understanding of many factors, including accounting policies, historical carrying values of assets, financial leverage, and industry conditions.

致伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司全体股东：

1980 年本公司的营业利益为 4,190 万美元，较 1979 年的 3,600 万美元成长，但期初股东权益报酬率(持有股票投资以原始成本计)却从去年的 18.6%滑落至 17.8%。我们认为这个比率最能够作为衡量公司管理当局单一年度经营绩效的指针。当然要运用这项指针，还必须对包含会计原则、资产取得历史成本、财务杠杆与产业状况等在内的主要因素有一定程度的了解才行。

In your evaluation of our economic performance, we suggest that two factors should receive your special attention - one of a positive nature peculiar, to a large extent, to our own operation, and one of a negative nature applicable to corporate
performance generally. Let’s look at the bright side first.

各位在判断本公司的经营绩效时，有两个因素是你必须特别注意的，一项是对公司营运相当有利的，而另一项则企业绩效相对较不利的。让我们先从好的那一面看起。

Non-Controlled Ownership Earnings

When one company owns part of another company, appropriate accounting procedures pertaining to that ownership interest must be selected from one of three major categories. The percentage of voting stock that is owned, in large part, determines which category of accounting principles should be utilized.

无控制权持股之盈余

当一家公司拥有另一家公司部份股权时，在会计上通常有三种方式来处理投资公司在被投资公司所拥有的权益，其中所持有的股权多寡将决定公司采用何种方式。

Generally accepted accounting principles require (subject to exceptions, naturally, as with our former bank subsidiary) full consolidation of sales, expenses, taxes, and earnings of business holdings more than 50% owned. Blue Chip Stamps, 60% owned by Berkshire Hathaway Inc., falls into this category. Therefore, all Blue Chip income and expense items are included in full in Berkshire’s Consolidated Statement of Earnings, with the 40% ownership interest of others in Blue Chip’s net earnings reflected in the Statement as a deduction for “minority interest”.

一般公认会计原则规定若持有股权比例超过百分之五十(除了少数例外，就像我们先前持有的银行股份)，则投资公司必须完全合并该被投资公司，包含营收、费用、所得税与盈余等在内的所有会计科目。比如说像是伯克希尔持有 60%股权的蓝筹印花公司，便是属于这一类，至于其它40%股东的权益在财务报表上则以少数股东权益列示。

Full inclusion of underlying earnings from another class of holdings, companies owned 20% to 50% (usually called “investees”), also normally occurs. Earnings from such companies - for example, Wesco Financial, controlled by Berkshire but only 48% owned - are included via a one-line entry in the owner’s Statement of Earnings. Unlike the over-50% category, all items of revenue and expense are omitted; just the proportional share of net income is included. Thus, if Corporation A owns one-third of Corporation B, one-third of B’s earnings, whether or not distributed by B, will end up in A’s earnings. There are some modifications, both in this and the over-50% category, for intercorporate taxes and purchase price adjustments, the explanation of which we will save for a later day. (We know you can hardly wait.)

而若是持有股权比例介于20%-50%之间，像Wesco金融公司虽系由伯克希尔所控制但却仅持有48%的股权，则在投资公司的帐上仅记录一个分录，将被投资公司依股权比例所认列的投资损失或利益予以入帐。因此如果A公司拥有B公司三分之一的股权，则不论B公司是否将年度盈余全数发放，A公司都必须依比例认列投资利益，另外这两类的会计原则都规定，必须附带一些企业间所得税、购买法价格调整等调整分录，这部份的细节请容我们以后有空再详加说明，(虽然我知道大家可能等不及了)。

Finally come holdings representing less than 20% ownership of another corporation’s voting securities. In these cases, accounting rules dictate that the owning companies include in their earnings only dividends received from such holdings. Undistributed earnings are ignored. Thus, should we own 10% of Corporation X with earnings of $10 million in 1980, we would report in our earnings (ignoring relatively minor taxes on intercorporate dividends) either (a) $1 million if X declared the full $10 million in dividends; (b) $500,000 if X paid out 50%, or $5 million, in dividends; or (c) zero if X reinvested all earnings.

最后若是持股比例低于20%，则依照会计原则，投资公司仅能认列被投资公司实际发放的股利部份，至于保留而不发放的部份盈余则不予理会，也因此假若我们持有一家X公司10%的股份，又假设X公司在1980年共计赚了1,000万美金，若X公司将盈余全部发放，则我们可认列100万的利益，反之若X公司决定保留全部盈余不予发放，则我们连一毛钱都不能认列。

We impose this short - and over-simplified - course in accounting upon you because Berkshire’s concentration of resources in the insurance field produces a corresponding concentration of its assets in companies in that third (less than 20% owned) category. Many of these companies pay out relatively small proportions of their earnings in dividends. This means that only a small proportion of their current earning power is recorded in our own current operating earnings. But, while our reported operating earnings reflect only the dividends received from such companies, our economic well-being is determined by their earnings, not their dividends.

之所以强迫大家上了堂稍微简单的会计课的原因在于，伯克希尔将发展的重点集中于保险事业，使得其资源大量集中投注于第三类的股权投资(亦即持股比例小于20%)之上，这些被投资公司仅将它们所赚的盈余分配一小部份以现金股利的方式分配给我们，这代表其获利能力仅有一小部份呈现在我们公司的帐上，但就经济实质面来说，那只是实际获利的冰山一角而已。

Our holdings in this third category of companies have increased dramatically in recent years as our insurance business has prospered and as securities markets have presented particularly attractive opportunities in the common stock area. The large increase in such holdings, plus the growth of earnings experienced by those partially-owned companies, has produced an unusual result; the part of “our” earnings that these companies retained last year (the part not paid to us in dividends) exceeded the total reported annual operating earnings of Berkshire Hathaway. Thus, conventional accounting only allows less than half of our earnings “iceberg” to appear above the surface, in plain view. Within the corporate world such a result is quite rare; in our case it is likely to be recurring.

这类投资近年来因为我们旗下保险事业蓬勃发展，同时也因为股票市场出现许多不错的投资机会而大幅增加，股票投资的大量增加再加上这些公司本身获利能力的增长使得我们实际获得的成果相当可观，以去年来说，光是保留在这些公司而未分配给伯克希尔的盈余，便比伯克希尔整年度的帐面盈余还高，虽然这样的情况在一般企业界并不多见，但我们预期这种情况在伯克希尔将会持续出现。

Our own analysis of earnings reality differs somewhat from generally accepted accounting principles, particularly when those principles must be applied in a world of high and uncertain rates of inflation. (But it’s much easier to criticize than to improve such accounting rules. The inherent problems are monumental.) We have owned 100% of businesses whose reported earnings were not worth close to 100 cents on the dollar to us even though, in an accounting sense, we totally controlled their disposition. (The “control” was theoretical. Unless we reinvested all earnings, massive deterioration in the value of assets already in place would occur. But those reinvested earnings had no prospect of earning anything close to a market return on capital.) We have also owned small fractions of businesses with extraordinary reinvestment possibilities whose retained earnings had an economic value to us far in excess of 100 cents on the dollar.

我们本身对投资盈余如何认列的看法与一般公认会计原则并不尽相同，尤其是在目前通货膨涨高涨之际更是如此，(但话说回来批评要比修改这套原则要容易多了，有些问题早已是根深蒂固了)，我们有些100%持股的转投资公司帐面上所赚的钱，实质上并不足那个数，即使依照会计原则我们可以完全地控制它，(就理论而言，我们对他具有控制权，但实际上我们却必须被迫把所赚到的每一分钱，继续投注在更新资产设备，以维持原有生产力，并赚取微薄的利润)，相较之下，我们也有一些仅持有少数股份而其所赚的盈余远超过帐面列示之数，甚至其所保留的资金还能为我们赚取更多的盈余。

The value to Berkshire Hathaway of retained earnings is not determined by whether we own 100%, 50%, 20% or 1% of the businesses in which they reside. Rather, the value of those retained earnings is determined by the use to which they are put and the subsequent level of earnings produced by that usage. This is true whether we determine the usage, or whether managers we did not hire - but did elect to join - determine that usage. (It’s the act that counts, not the actors.) And the value is in no way affected by the inclusion or non-inclusion of those retained earnings in our own reported operating earnings. If a tree grows in a forest partially owned by us, but we don’t record the growth in our financial statements, we still own part of the tree.

因此对伯克希尔而言，对盈余的认定并非取决于持股比例是100%、50%、20%、5%或是1%，盈余的真正价值在于其将来再投资所能产生的效益，这与是否由我们自己或是专业经理人来决定并不相关，也与我们认列或不认列利益不相关(重要的是剧本而不是演员)。假设我们公司拥有一片山林，即使财务报表无法反映这些树木的成长，也无法掩盖我们拥有这片成长中的山林这项事实。

Our view, we warn you, is non-conventional. But we would rather have earnings for which we did not get accounting credit put to good use in a 10%-owned company by a management we did not personally hire, than have earnings for which we did get credit put into projects of more dubious potential by another management - even if we are that management.

我必须提醒诸位，这样的论点是突破传统的，我们宁愿将所赚的盈余能够继续交由不受我们控制的人好好发挥，也不希望转由我们自己来浪掷。

(We can’t resist pausing here for a short commercial. One usage of retained earnings we often greet with special enthusiasm when practiced by companies in which we have an investment interest is repurchase of their own shares. The reasoning is simple: if a fine business is selling in the market place for far less than intrinsic value, what more certain or more profitable utilization of capital can there be than significant enlargement of the interests of all owners at that bargain price? The competitive nature of corporate acquisition activity almost guarantees the payment of a full - frequently more than full price when a company buys the entire ownership of another enterprise. But the auction nature of security markets often allows finely-run companies the opportunity to purchase portions of their own businesses at a price under 50% of that needed to acquire the same earning power through the negotiated acquisition of another enterprise.)

（我们忍不住要在这里停下来插播一则广告。留存收益的一种用法，是公司回购他们自己的股票。我们特别赞赏这种做法，并对这种公司有投资兴趣。理由很简单：如果一家优秀的企业在市场上以远低于内在价值的价格出售，那么，让所有者的利益在这个便宜的价格上显著扩大，还有什么比这更确定或更有利可图的资本利用方式呢？企业收购活动的竞争性质几乎保证了一家公司在收购另一家企业的全部所有权时需要支付全额——通常是高于全额的价格。但证券市场的拍卖性质往往让经营良好的公司有机会以低价收购自己的部分业务，这个回购价可能低于通过协商收购另一家相同盈利能力的企业所需价格的50%。）