巴菲特致股东的信（1981年）③伯克希尔收购目标

Berkshire Acquisition Objectives

We will continue to seek the acquisition of businesses in their entirety at prices that will make sense, even should the future of the acquired enterprise develop much along the lines of its past. We may very well pay a fairly fancy price for a Category 1 business if we are reasonably confident of what we are getting. But we will not normally pay a lot in any purchase for what we are supposed to bring to the party - for we find that we ordinarily don’t bring a lot.

伯克希尔收购目标

我们会持续地以合理的价钱买下整个公司，即使那家公司未来的发展与过去一般。我们也愿意以不错的价钱买下第一类的公司，若我们可以合理的相信他们就是，但我们通常不会去买那些我们必须替其作许多改变的公司，因为我们发现我们所作的改变不见得是好的。

During 1981 we came quite close to a major purchase involving both a business and a manager we liked very much. However, the price finally demanded, considering alternative uses for the funds involved, would have left our owners worse off than before the purchase. The empire would have been larger, but the citizenry would have been poorer.

今年我们曾经几乎谈成一笔大买卖，那家公司与其经营阶层都是我们所喜爱的，但就是价钱谈不陇，若坚持买下的结果，股东的利益不见得会比买之前更好。整个伯克希尔帝国版图可能会变大，但人民素质反而会变差。

Although we had no success in 1981, from time to time in the future we will be able to purchase 100% of businesses meeting our standards. Additionally, we expect an occasional offering of a major “non-voting partnership” as discussed under the Pinkerton’s heading on page 47 of this report. We welcome suggestions regarding such companies where we, as a substantial junior partner, can achieve good economic results while furthering the long-term objectives of present owners and managers.

尽管1981年我们并没有成功的个案，但我们预计未来仍能买到100%符合我们标准的公司，此外我们有期望能有像后面报告所述Pinkerton这样投资大量无投票权的股权的例子，在身为次要的大股东的我们可获得可观的经济利益的同时，亦能帮助公司原有的经营阶层实现其长期的目标。

Currently, we find values most easily obtained through the open-market purchase of fractional positions in companies with excellent business franchises and competent, honest managements. We never expect to run these companies, but we do expect to profit from them.

我们也发现很容易从市场买到一些由有能力且正直的人经营的公司的部份股权，而事实上我们也从未打算自己去经营这些公司，但我们的确想要从这些公司上获利。

We expect that undistributed earnings from such companies will produce full value (subject to tax when realized) for Berkshire and its shareholders. If they don’t, we have made mistakes as to either: (1) the management we have elected to join; (2) the future economics of the business; or (3) the price we have paid.

我们也预期这些公司的未分配盈余将会百分之百回报给伯克希尔及其股东，若最后没有，可能是出了以下几种差错：(1)我们所指派的经营阶层有问题(2)公司的前景有问题(3)我们付的价格有问题。

We have made plenty of such mistakes - both in the purchase of non-controlling and controlling interests in businesses. Category (2) miscalculations are the most common. Of course, it is necessary to dig deep into our history to find illustrations
of such mistakes - sometimes as deep as two or three months back. For example, last year your Chairman volunteered his expert opinion on the rosy future of the aluminum business. Several minor adjustments to that opinion - now aggregating approximately 180 degrees - have since been required.

而事实上，我们不论在买进具控制权或不具控制权的股权时，皆曾犯了许多错误，其中以第二类误判的情况最常见。当然要翻开我们投资的历史才能找到类似的案例(可能至少要回溯至少二、三个月以上吧…)，例如去年你们的董事长发表看好铝业发展的前景，只是到后来陆续经过些微的调整，最后的结论却是一百八十度的转弯。

For personal as well as more objective reasons, however, we generally have been able to correct such mistakes far more quickly in the case of non-controlled businesses (marketable securities) than in the case of controlled subsidiaries. Lack of control, in effect, often has turned out to be an economic plus.

然而基于个人与客观的原因，通常我们改正在对不具控制权的股权投资的错误，要比对具控制权的来得容易许多，这时候缺少控制权反而成为一种优点。

As we mentioned last year, the magnitude of our non-recorded “ownership” earnings has grown to the point where their total is greater than our reported operating earnings. We expect this situation will continue. In just four ownership positions in this category - GEICO Corporation, General Foods Corporation, R.
J. Reynolds Industries, Inc. and The Washington Post Company - our share of undistributed and therefore unrecorded earnings probably will total well over $35 million in 1982. The accounting rules that entirely ignore these undistributed
earnings diminish the utility of our annual return on equity calculation, or any other single year measure of economic performance.

而就像去年我曾提到的，我们在不具控制权的股权投资已经大到其依投资比例应分得之未分配盈余甚至超越公司整体的帐面盈余，且我们预期这种情况将会持续下去，1982年光是其中四家(盖可保险、通用食品、雷诺烟草及华盛顿邮报)加起来就超过三千五百万美元，由于会计原则使得我们在计算帐面股东权益报酬与单一年度获利表现时，无法将这些未分配盈余记入。