巴菲特致合伙人的信（1958年）③典型案例④当前情况

TYPICAL SITUATION

So that you may better understand our method of operation, I think it would be well to review a specific activity of 1958. Last year I referred to our largest holding which comprised 10% to 20% of the assets of the various partnerships. I pointed out that it was to our interest to have this stock decline or remain relatively steady, so that we could acquire an even larger position and that for this reason such a security would probably hold back our comparative performance in a bull market.

典型案例

我觉得以我们在1958年所做的一项投资为例进行分析，可以让大家更好地了解我们的投资方法。去年，我提到了我们的第一重仓股，它占各个合伙人账户10%到20%的仓位。我说我希望这只股票最好下跌或者平盘，这样我们才能买到更多的货，继续增加仓位。因此，在牛市里，这个股票可能会拖累我们的相对收益。

This stock was the Commonwealth Trust Co. of Union City, New Jersey. At the time we started to purchase the stock, it had an intrinsic value $125 per share computed on a conservative basis. However, for good reasons, it paid no cash dividend at all despite earnings of about $10 per share which was largely responsible for a depressed price of about $50 per share. So here we had a very well managed bank with substantia1 earnings power selling at a large discount from intrinsic value. Management was friendly to us as new stockholders and risk of any ultimate loss seemed minimal.

这只股票是新泽西州联合市的联邦信托公司(Commonwealth Trust Co.)。在我们开始买入这只股票时，保守估算，它的内在价值是每股125美元。虽然这家公司每年有10美元左右的盈利，但它出于正当理由，并不发放现金股息，可能主要就是因为不分红，它才会有50美元左右这么低的股价。于是，我们就有了这个投资机会：一家管理优良的银行，盈利能力强，按内在价值计算折价高。管理层对我们的到来表示欢迎，这笔投资最终亏损的风险非常小。

Commonwealth was 25.5% owned by a larger bank (Commonwealth had assets of about $50 Million – about half the size of the First National in Omaha), which had desired a merger for many years. Such a merger was
prevented for persona1 reasons, but there was evidence that this situation would not continue indefinitely. Thus we had a combination of:
1. Very strong defensive characteristics;
2. Good solid value building up at a satisfactory pace and;
3. Evidence to the effect that eventually this value would be unlocked although it might be one year or ten years. If the latter were true, the value would presumably have been built up to a considerably larger figure, say, $250 per share.

联邦信托的第一大股东是另一家规模更大的银行，持股比例是25.5%（联邦信托总资产为5000万美元，规模大约是奥马哈第一国民银行(First National)的一半）。多年来，第一大股东一直希望能并购联邦信托。某些个人原因阻碍了并购，但是有迹象表明这种状况不会无限期持续下去。综合起来看，摆在我们面前的这家公司情况是这样的：
1.防守属性极高；
2.价值明确可靠，而且能持续以令人满意的速度创造价值；
3.有迹象表明，公司的价值最终会释放出来，这个时间可能是一年，也可能是十年。假如是十年，公司在此期间会积累非常高的价值，到时它可能值每股250美元。

Over a period of a year or so, we were successful in obtaining about 12% of the bank at a price averaging about $51 per share. Obviously it was definitely to our advantage to have the stock remain dormant in price. Our block of stock increased in value as its size grew, particularly after we became the second largest stockholder with sufficient voting power to warrant consultation on any merger proposa1.

我们用了一年左右时间，买到了这家银行12%的股份，买入平均成本大约是每股51美元。不难看出，这只股票股价沉闷对我们绝对是好事。这家公司的股票，我们持有的越多，价值越高，特别是我们成为第二大股东后，我们就有了充足的投票权，在任何并购提议上，我们的意见都有举足轻重的作用。

Commonwealth only had about 300 stockholders and probably averaged two trades or so per month, so you can understand why I say that the activity of the stock market generally had very little effect on the price movement of some of our holdings.

联邦信托只有300多个股东，平均每月只有两笔交易。这样你就明白了，为什么我说我们持有的一些股票受大盘行情的影响很小。

Unfortunately we did run into some competition on buying, which railed the price to about $65 where we were neither buyer nor seller. Very small buying orders can create price changes of this magnitude in an inactive stock, which explains the importance of not having any "Leakage" regarding our portfolio holdings.

很可惜，我们在买入过程中确实遭遇了竞争对手，股价涨到了65美元，在这个价格，我们既没买，也没卖。对于不活跃的股票，很小的买单就能导致价格发生这么大的变化，所以说一定不能“泄漏”我们的投资组合持股。

Late in the year we were successful in finding a special situation where we could become the largest holder at an attractive price, so we sold our block of Commonwealth obtaining $80 per share although the quoted market was
about 20% lower at the time.

去年年末，我找到了一个特殊情况投资机会，可以以很便宜的价格成为最大股东。于是，我卖出了我们持有的联邦信托股票，卖出价是每股80美元，当时市场报价比这个价格低20%。

It is obvious that we could still be sitting with $50 stock patiently buying in dribs and drabs, and I would be quite happy with such a program although our performance relative to the market last year would have looked poor. The year when a situation such at Commonwealth results in a realized profit is, to a great extent, fortuitous. Thus, our performance for any single year has serious limitations as a basis for estimating long term results. However, I believe that a program of investing in such undervalued well protected securities offers the surest means of long term profits in securities.

我们完全可以继续持有50美元买入的联邦信托，继续耐心地零星买入。我很愿意这么做，不过要是这样做的话，我们去年的业绩就跟不上市场了。买联邦信托这样的股票，我们在哪一年能获利，有很大的偶然因素，很难说。我们在一个年度里的盈亏完全不足以衡量我们的长期业绩。虽然如此，我相信投资低估的、能得到良好保护的股票，是取得长期收益最可靠的途径。

I might mention that the buyer of the stock at $80 can expect to do quite well over the years. However, the relative undervaluation at $80 with an intrinsic value $135 is quite different from a price $50 with an intrinsic value of $125, and it seemed to me that our capital could better be employed in the situation which replaced it. This new situation is somewhat larger than Commonwealth and represents about 25% of the assets of the various partnerships. While the degree of undervaluation is no greater than in many other securities we own (or even than some) we are the largest stockholder and this has substantial advantages many times in determining the length of time required to correct the undervaluation. In this particular holding we are virtually assured of a performance better than that of the Dow-Jones for the period we hold it.

顺便说一句，80美元买入联邦信托的，长期来看，收益会相当不错。可是，135美元的内在价值，80美元价格的低估，与125美元的内在价值，50美元价格的低估，比起来差距还是很大的。我认为，我把资金换到另一只股票上，在这只股票上，我们的资金可以创造更多收益。这只新股票体量比联邦信托大一些，占各个合伙人账户资产的25%左右。虽说与我们现在持有的许多（或一些）其他股票相比，这只新股票的折价没它们高，但是我们是这只新股票的最大股东，这个大股东的地位给了我们巨大优势，我们可以施加更多影响，控制估值修复所需的时间。就这只股票而言，在我们持有期间，我们几乎可以保证它的表现会优于道指。

THE CURRENT SITUATION

The higher the level of the market, the fewer the undervalued securities and I am finding some difficulty in securing an adequate number of attractive investments. I would prefer to increase the percentage of our assets in work-outs, but these are very difficult to find on the right terms.

当前的情况

股市越高，低估的股票越少。我现在发现找到足够多的便宜的股票，有些不容易了。我想提升套利类的占比，但很难找到条件合适的套利品种。

To the extent possible, therefore, I am attempting to create my own work-outs by acquiring large positions in several undervalued securities. Such a policy should lead to the fulfillment of my earlier forecast – an above average performance in a bear market. It is on this basis that I hope to be judged. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them.

如果可能的话，我想大量买入几只低估的股票，自己创造套利机会。按照这样的策略，我们应该能做到我之前所预测的——在熊市中跑赢指数。我希望合伙人按照这个标准评价我的表现。如果有问题，请随时问我。

WARREN E. BUFFETT
2-11-59

沃伦.巴菲特
1959年2月11日

Commonwealth only had about 300 stockholders and probably averaged two trades or so per month, so you can understand why I say that the activity of the stock market generally had very little effect on the price movement of some of our holdings.

Late in the year we were successful in finding a special situation where we could become the largest holder at an attractive price, so we sold our block of Commonwealth obtaining $80 per share although the quoted market wasabout 20% lower at the time.

WARREN E. BUFFETT 2-11-59

Late in the year we were successful in finding a special situation where we could become the largest holder at an attractive price, so we sold our block of Commonwealth obtaining $80 per share although the quoted market was
about 20% lower at the time.

WARREN E. BUFFETT
2-11-59