巴菲特致股东的信（1983年）③年内表现

Corporate Performance

During 1983 our book value increased from $737.43 per share to $975.83 per share, or by 32%. We never take the one-year figure very seriously. After all, why should the time required for a planet to circle the sun synchronize precisely with the time required for business actions to pay off? Instead, we recommend not less than a five-year test as a rough yardstick of economic performance. Red lights should start flashing if the five-year average annual gain falls much below the return on equity earned over the period by American industry in aggregate. (Watch out for our explanation if that occurs as Goethe observed, “When ideas fail, words come in very handy.”)

年内表现

1983年公司的净值由原来每股737美元增加成为975美元，约成长32%，但我们从未把单一年度的数字表现看得太认真，毕竟没有什么道理要把企业反映盈余的期间与地球绕行太阳公转的周期划上等号，反而我们建议至少以五年为一周期来评断企业整体的表现，若五年平均利得要比美国企业平均来得差时，便要开始注意了(就像Goethe所观察到的，到时要注意我们所提出的解释，万一要是失败了，解释的理由可能会有一大堆)。

During the 19-year tenure of present management, book value has grown from $19.46 per share to $975.83, or 22.6% compounded annually. Considering our present size, nothing close to this rate of return can be sustained. Those who believe otherwise should pursue a career in sales, but avoid one in mathematics.

在现有经营阶层过去十九年的任期内，帐面价值由19美元增加成为975美元，约以22.6%年复合成长率成长，考量到我们现有的规模，未来可能无法支持这么高的成长率，不信的人最好选择去当业务员而非数学家。

We report our progress in terms of book value because in our case (though not, by any means, in all cases) it is a conservative but reasonably adequate proxy for growth in intrinsic business value - the measurement that really counts. Book value’s virtue as a score-keeping measure is that it is easy to calculate and doesn’t involve the subjective (but important) judgments employed in calculation of intrinsic business value. It is important to understand, however, that the two terms - book value and intrinsic business value - have very different meanings.

我们之所以选择帐面价值(虽然不是所有形况皆如此)是因为它是衡量内含价值成长(这是真正重要的)的一种保守但合理的替代方式，它的好处是很容易去计算且不牵涉主观去衡量内含价值，但仍需强调这两者事实上具有截然不同的意义。

Book value is an accounting concept, recording the accumulated financial input from both contributed capital and retained earnings. Intrinsic business value is an economic concept, estimating future cash output discounted to present value. Book value tells you what has been put in; intrinsic business value estimates what can be taken out.

帐面价值是会计名词，系记录资本与累积盈余的财务投入，内含价值则是经济名词，是估计未来现金流入的折现值，帐面价值能够告诉你已经投入的，内含价值则是预计你能从中所获得的。

An analogy will suggest the difference. Assume you spend identical amounts putting each of two children through college. The book value (measured by financial input) of each child’s education would be the same. But the present value of the future payoff (the intrinsic business value) might vary enormously - from zero to many times the cost of the education. So, also, do businesses having equal financial input end up with wide variations in value.

打个比方就能看出差别。假设你花相同的钱供二个小孩读到大学，二个小孩的帐面价值即所花的学费是一样的，但未来所获得的回报(即内含价值)却不一而足，可能从零到所付出的好几倍，所以也有相同帐面价值的公司，却有截然不同的内含价值。

At Berkshire, at the beginning of fiscal 1965 when the present management took over, the $19.46 per share book value considerably overstated intrinsic business value. All of that book value consisted of textile assets that could not earn, on average, anything close to an appropriate rate of return. In the terms of our analogy, the investment in textile assets resembled investment in a largely-wasted education.

像伯克希尔在1965年会计年度刚开始由现有经营阶层接管时，其帐面价值为每股19美金，明显高于其实际的内含价值，所谓的帐面价值主要系以那些无法赚取合理报酬的纺织设备为主，就好比是将教育经费摆在不会读书的孩子身上一样。

Now, however, our intrinsic business value considerably exceeds book value. There are two major reasons:

但如今我们的内含价值早已大幅超越帐面价值，主要的原因有两点:

(1) Standard accounting principles require that common stocks held by our insurance subsidiaries be stated on our books at market value, but that other stocks we own be carried at the lower of aggregate cost or market. At the end of 1983, the market value of this latter group exceeded carrying value by $70 million pre-tax, or about $50 million after tax. This excess belongs in our intrinsic business value, but is not included in the calculation of book value;

(1)标准会计原则要求我们保险子公司所持有的股票以市价记录于帐面上，但其它公司部份却以成本与市价孰低法计算，到1983年底为止，后者的市价超过帐面价值有税前七千万美金或税后五千万美金之多，超过的部份属于内含价值的一部份，但不包含在计算帐面价值之内。

(2) More important, we own several businesses that possess economic Goodwill (which is properly includable in intrinsic business value) far larger than the accounting Goodwill that is carried on our balance sheet and reflected in book value.

(2)更重要的是，我们所拥有的几家企业具有庞大的经济商誉(事实上是包含在内含价值之内的)且远大于记载在帐上的商誉。

Goodwill, both economic and accounting, is an arcane subject and requires more explanation than is appropriate here. The appendix that follows this letter - “Goodwill and its Amortization: The Rules and The Realities” - explains why economic and accounting Goodwill can, and usually do, differ enormously.

商誉不管是经济上或是会计上的，是一项神秘的课题，实在需要比现在所报告还要更多的时间解释，本报告书的附录有关商誉及其摊销、规定与现实，将解释为何经济上与会计上的商誉事实上通常是大不相同。

You can live a full and rewarding life without ever thinking about Goodwill and its amortization. But students of investment and management should understand the nuances of the subject. My own thinking has changed drastically from 35 years ago when I was taught to favor tangible assets and to shun businesses whose value depended largely upon economic Goodwill. This bias caused me to make many important business mistakes of omission, although relatively few of commission.

虽然不用了解商誉及其摊销，你一样可以过得很好，但对于研究投资的学生或经理人，却有必要了解其间些微的不同，我现在的想法与35年前课堂所教要重视实质的资产并规避那些主要倚靠经济商誉的公司的作法已有明显的转变，当初的偏见虽然使我投入较少但也犯了许多投资上的疏乎。

Keynes identified my problem: “The difficulty lies not in the new ideas but in escaping from the old ones.” My escape was long delayed, in part because most of what I had been taught by the same teacher had been (and continues to be) so extraordinarily valuable. Ultimately, business experience, direct and vicarious, produced my present strong preference for businesses that possess large amounts of enduring Goodwill and that utilize a minimum of tangible assets.

凯恩斯发现问题所在，困难的地方不在于要有新观念，而是如何摆脱旧有的窠臼，我的反应比较慢，一方面是由于教我的老师一直以来皆让我受益良多，但从商的经历，直接或间接地让我对拥有商誉而仅须运用少量实质资产的公司大有好感。

I recommend the Appendix to those who are comfortable with accounting terminology and who have an interest in understanding the business aspects of Goodwill. Whether or not you wish to tackle the Appendix, you should be aware that Charlie and I believe that Berkshire possesses very significant economic Goodwill value above that reflected in our book value.

我建议那些对会计专有名词不会觉得感冒且对商誉的经济价值有兴趣的人读读附录，而不论你看不看附录，查理跟我一致认为伯克希尔拥有比帐面价值更高经济价值的商誉。